Immune Cluster LL-37 KPV VIP
What do these badges mean?
Evidence tier
- AHuman-validated — Human trials showing positive results and good safety.
- BAnimal-grade — No human trials yet, but solid animal/preclinical evidence of effect and safety.
- CAnecdotal — No human or animal trials — only anecdotal/observational reports.
- DInsufficient evidence — No or insufficient evidence (encyclopedia only — never recommended by the builder).
Safety light
- 🟢 Green — Only mild, manageable side effects; reasonable safety data.
- 🟡 Yellow — Needs active management, has a meaningful contraindication/interaction, or has thin long-term data.
- 🔴 Red — Risk of a hospital-level event — treat with serious caution.
Browse-only — not on the protocol builder's curated shortlist, so the builder won't recommend it.
How can it help me?
These three peptides all work toward the same goal — calm inflammation, support your immune defense, and help tissue recover — but by three completely different routes. KPV quietly switches off a master inflammation signal (called NF-κB) and is used for gut and skin inflammation. LL-37 is an antimicrobial your own immune cells make, of interest for stubborn chronic infections. VIP is a nerve-and-immune signal studied for rebuilding after triggers like mold are cleared.
Honest read: KPV has the most practical track record (and is the one you can source via KLOW); LL-37 and VIP are more specialized and earlier-stage.
The full evidence — every human, animal, and lab study, graded — is one tap away: use the See the deeper science → toggle at the top.
Typical dosing
Talk to your medical provider before starting any protocol. That said, here are the doses most people commonly use — shared for educational purposes so you can have an informed conversation. These peptides are sold for research use only and are not FDA-approved drugs, and this isn't medical advice.
What should I avoid combining — and what's synergistic?
The main thing to watch with KPV: it's immune-modulating, so if you take biologics or immunosuppressants, clear it with your clinician first — that interaction isn't well studied. As with all of these, avoid in pregnancy. The full stacking detail is in the deeper science.
How can I buy this?
KPV: buy via KLOW. Alyve’s KLOW (BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV + GHK-Cu) is the practical access point for KPV in the current catalog. KPV’s contribution to the blend is the NF-κB + mast-cell + light-antimicrobial layer on top of the BPC/TB-500 repair axis and the GHK-Cu collagen/skin axis. KLOW carries the cleanest COA in the Alyve catalog (99.91%, Freedom Diagnostics). For inflammatory + microbial + healing scenarios — chronic wound, post-procedure recovery with inflammation, gut-skin inflammation — KLOW is the indicated blend over plain GLOW specifically because of the KPV layer.
LL-37: not in Alyve’s current launch catalog — flagged as a roadmap candidate. The chronic-infection, biofilm-driven-disease customer cluster is real, and Alyve’s verified-supply model is exactly the right answer to “is this peptide actually what’s on the label?” — but LL-37 isn’t a current SKU. As Alyve’s catalog expands, LL-37 is on the short list.
VIP: not in Alyve’s current launch catalog — flagged as a roadmap candidate. The CIRS / mold-illness audience has a specific need (intranasal compounded VIP, prescribed under the Shoemaker sequence), and a verified-supply path is welcome there too. Not a current SKU.
The trust story that applies to all three. Independent gray-market peptide testing has consistently found roughly 1 in 4 vials underdosed, mislabeled, or contaminated (often with leftover TFA salt from synthesis), and most carry no COA at all. Alyve answers that with US manufacturing + third-party Freedom Diagnostics COAs + verified >99% purity across every SKU. That’s the supply-chain quality story this whole cluster sits inside.
Use code OHM-15 for 15% off: Alyve’s pricing is very competitive, and buying 3 vials of any given peptide in one purchase gets you over 30% off retail. For this cluster, the practical bulk-stack play is 3 vials of KLOW for a full multi-week anti-inflammatory + repair cycle.
When you use my coupon code to buy peptides with these sellers, you enjoy a discount off retail price, and I make a small commission which helps me to continue to offer this peptide educational site to you for free. I only have affiliate relationships with peptide manufacturers that show evidence that their peptides are 100% manufactured in the US, 3rd party lab tested for purity, transparent COAs posted on their websites, and that have good customer service.
| Peptide | Class | Primary mechanism | Best-fit use | Route | Alyve product |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LL-37 | 37-aa cathelicidin (host-defense AMP) | Disrupts microbial membranes + breaks biofilms + modulates innate immunity | Chronic biofilm-driven infections (Lyme, chronic UTI, chronic sinusitis), wound healing | Subcutaneous | Not in current launch catalog — roadmap candidate |
| KPV | 3-aa α-MSH C-terminal tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val, 356 Da) | NF-κB inhibition + mast-cell stabilization + light antimicrobial | IBD/colitis, atopic skin, NF-κB-driven inflammation | Oral viable (PepT1 transport) + SubQ + topical | In KLOW (BPC-157/TB-500/KPV/GHK-Cu blend) |
| VIP | 28-aa secretin-family neuropeptide | Vasodilation + immunomodulation + neuroprotection + circadian regulation | CIRS / mold illness (post-cleanup), grey-matter restoration | Intranasal (validated) | Not in current launch catalog — roadmap candidate |
Why these three sit together
LL-37, KPV, and VIP are OHM’s “immune + anti-inflammatory cluster” — three peptides built around the same theme (calm the inflammatory fire, support host defense, restore tissue) by three completely different routes. LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide your own neutrophils make. KPV is a three-amino-acid fragment of α-MSH that quietly shuts down the master inflammation switch (NF-κB) without any of α-MSH’s pigmentation or sexual side effects. VIP is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide that rebuilds the neuroimmune system after the inflammatory triggers (mold, chronic infection) are cleared.
Two practical anchors before the science:
- KPV is already in your Alyve catalog — it’s the “K” in KLOW (BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV + GHK-Cu). Most readers asking “where do I get KPV?” already have access via KLOW.
- LL-37 and VIP are not in Alyve’s current launch 15. Both are roadmap candidates — LL-37 for the chronic-infection/biofilm cluster, VIP for the CIRS/mold-illness cluster. We surface them here because the OHM editorial map needs them; the buy-now CTA for this article centers on KLOW and on Alyve’s broader verified-supply trust story.
Peptide 1: LL-37 (cathelicidin)
What it is
LL-37 is the body’s own broad-spectrum antibiotic peptide. It’s a 37-amino-acid fragment cleaved from a precursor protein (hCAP18) that your neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelial cells release when they detect infection or injury. Synthetic LL-37 is the exogenous version people inject to lean on that system harder — usually for chronic, biofilm-driven infections that have outlasted standard antibiotics.
How it works
LL-37 hits three jobs at once:
- Direct antimicrobial. Disrupts microbial membranes through its cationic / amphipathic structure → rapid kill of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and some enveloped viruses.
- Biofilm disruption. Breaks apart the protective polysaccharide matrices bacteria use to form chronic, drug-resistant colonies. This is the rationale behind the chronic-Lyme, chronic-UTI, and chronic-sinusitis use cases — antibiotics can’t reach what’s inside a biofilm; LL-37 cracks the biofilm open.
- Immunomodulation. Recruits and activates immune cells, modulates cytokine signaling, and supports re-epithelialization at wound sites.
What the research shows
Borrelia / Lyme specific:
- Lusitani 2002 — LL-37 inhibits Borrelia burgdorferi growth in vitro.
- Flad 2009 — bacterial resistance observed at higher concentrations (300–500 µg/mL), a dose-ceiling signal.
- Eckard & Wood 2016 — synergy with tinidazole against Borrelia cystic forms in vitro.
Broader infectious disease:
- 2013 NCBI review (PMC3699762) — LL-37 evaluated as treatment for polymicrobial infected wounds. Documented antimicrobial activity vs. MRSA, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Candida, HSV, influenza in preclinical work.
The autoimmune signal:
- Kahlenberg & Kaplan 2013 documented LL-37 acting as an autoantigen in psoriasis and lupus literature. This is the one place LL-37 needs to be treated with respect — for someone with active psoriasis, SLE, or another LL-37-implicated autoimmune condition, exogenous LL-37 can plausibly drive a flare. The mechanism is real (LL-37/DNA complexes activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells in psoriasis); the magnitude of risk from injected exogenous LL-37 in autoimmune patients is not formally quantified.
Where the data stops: there are no completed human clinical trials for Lyme or any other indication. The anti-biofilm story is well-documented in vitro across other microbes; the human-translation step is what’s missing. That’s an honest read of the evidence — not a dismissal of the molecule, just a clear picture of where the science currently sits for a peptide most users learn about through chronic-Lyme communities rather than peer-reviewed RCTs.
Real-world protocol
The doses and schedules here are for educational and informational purposes only. These peptides are sold for research use only and are not FDA-approved drugs. This is not medical advice. Consult a qualified physician before beginning any protocol.
- Dose (community range): 100–300 mcg/day subcutaneous. There is no validated trial dose for any indication.
- Route: subcutaneous.
- Cycle: not standardized in the literature; most users cycle 4–6 weeks on, then re-assess.
- Hard contraindication: active autoimmune disease (especially psoriasis or SLE) given the autoantigen signal.
The “selective vs. carpet-bomb” framing — the clinical case for LL-37 over antibiotics. Jones (2026): “Antibiotics carpet-bomb everything — that’s why gut dysbiosis after a course of antibiotics is so common: you’re wiping out the bacteria you actually need alongside the ones causing problems. LL-37 recruits your immune system and modulates the microbial environment in a way that’s fundamentally extremely different from pharmaceutical antibiotics.” This is the verbatim articulation of the selectivity advantage that drives the SIBO and biofilm use cases.
The 3-step SIBO sequencing rule (Jones 2026): LL-37 is not the first move. The protocol order matters:
- Get the inflammation under control (KPV does the heavy lifting here).
- Repair the gut lining (BPC-157 oral; BPC-157 cross-link).
- THEN add LL-37 to clear what’s actually driving the dysbiosis.
The comprehensive gut stack: LL-37 + KPV + larazotide (synthetic octapeptide AT-1001, a zonulin antagonist that tightens tight junctions; not currently an Alyve SKU — education-layer cross-link) running together = “inflammation shutdown + tight junction repair + selective bacterial clearance all at the same time”. For patients who’ve been through rounds of antibiotics and still can’t get their gut right, this is the layered protocol Jones reports moves the needle.
PCAC review July 23-24, 2026. LL-37 is one of 12 peptides going to the FDA’s Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee for 503A re-evaluation. The same “significant safety risk” filing language applies, but the underlying concern for LL-37 is speculative rather than evidence-driven. A positive vote would restore 503A compounding access; it would not constitute full FDA drug approval. See for the full compound-by-compound breakdown.
Side effects
- Mild injection-site irritation; some users report flu-like symptoms shortly after injection (consistent with brief immune activation).
- Autoimmune flare in susceptible individuals — the standout caution.
- No documented organ toxicity in standard usage.
Regulatory status
Not FDA-approved for any indication. Sold as a research chemical. Not on a major sport-doping prohibited list as of mid-2026.
Peptide 2: KPV (α-MSH 11–13 anti-inflammatory tripeptide)
What it is
KPV is the smallest meaningful peptide in OHM’s catalog: three amino acids (Lysine–Proline–Valine), 356 Da. It’s the C-terminal tripeptide (positions 11–13) of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Researchers in the 1990s figured out something useful: the KPV fragment carries α-MSH’s anti-inflammatory activity without activating melanocortin receptors. That means no pigmentation, no sexual stimulation, no flushing, no nausea — none of the side-effect profile that comes with melanotan or PT-141. Just the anti-inflammatory.
That property — plus its tiny size — makes KPV unusual: it’s one of the few peptides you can take orally that actually works. Most peptides get destroyed in the gut; KPV survives and gets transported across the intestinal lining via the PepT1 di/tripeptide transporter.
How it works
Three pathways, all converging on “calm the inflammation”:
- NF-κB inhibition (the primary one). KPV either prevents IκB degradation or blocks NF-κB translocation to the nucleus, depending on the model. Either way, the master pro-inflammatory transcription factor doesn’t fire, and downstream cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) drop.
- MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR modulation — cytoprotective signaling that complements the NF-κB suppression.
- AMPK/mTOR autophagy activation — a 2023 retinal-microglia study showed KPV upregulates autophagy, which is part of why it has eye-disease (uveitis, dry-eye) applications.
- Mast-cell stabilization. KPV reduces mast-cell degranulation and histamine release — the mechanism behind its atopic-dermatitis and allergic-skin-reaction use cases.
What the research shows
IBD / colitis: KPV’s strongest preclinical lane:
- Dalmasso 2008 Gastroenterology — PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation in a DSS-induced mouse colitis model. The foundational paper for oral KPV in IBD.
- J Cellular Physiology 2021 — DSS-induced colitis in mice; oral KPV improved disease activity scores, reduced weight loss, and decreased colon shortening. Effective both therapeutically (after disease established) and preventively.
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2014 — colitis cytoprotection.
- Nanoparticle-encapsulated colon-targeted delivery work (J Controlled Release 2020, Molecular Pharmaceutics 2021) — drug-delivery optimization research.
- Peptides 2005 — original anti-inflammatory characterization paper.
Antimicrobial: modest but present:
- Activity vs. S. aureus (including MRSA) and Candida albicans — FEMS Microbiology Letters 2006. Less potent than LL-37 here; treat it as a supplementary effect rather than KPV’s main use.
Eye / retinal:
- 2023 Experimental Eye Research — retinal microglia autophagy data; mechanistic basis for uveitis/dry-eye applications.
Where the data stops, honestly: there are zero completed human clinical trials for KPV in any indication despite a 20+ year preclinical evidence runway. The IBD use case is mechanistically beautiful (PepT1-transported oral peptide that suppresses NF-κB in colon tissue) and animal-validated, but the human translation step has not happened in published trials. That’s the honest tier label —-strong,-absent.
Real-world protocol
The doses and schedules here are for educational and informational purposes only. These peptides are sold for research use only and are not FDA-approved drugs. This is not medical advice. Consult a qualified physician before beginning any protocol.
KPV’s route flexibility is its edge — oral, SubQ, and topical all work:
| Route | Community dose | Use case |
|---|---|---|
| Oral | 500–1500 mcg/day (often split AM/PM) | IBD, systemic inflammation |
| Subcutaneous | 200–500 mcg/day, 1–2× daily | Systemic anti-inflammatory |
| Topical | Cream/gel formulation | Atopic dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis |
- Reconstitution (standalone KPV vial, when available): typical 5 mg vial + 2 mL bacteriostatic water = 2.5 mg/mL = 250 mcg per 10 units on a U-100 insulin syringe.
- Cycle: most anecdotal protocols run 5-on / 2-off, or continuous 30-day blocks with reassessment.
- In KLOW (the practical access path): Alyve’s KLOW blend (BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV + GHK-Cu) delivers KPV alongside the BPC+TB repair axis and GHK-Cu collagen/skin layer. For inflammatory + microbial + healing scenarios (chronic wound, gut-skin inflammation, post-procedure recovery with inflammation), KLOW is the indicated blend over GLOW specifically because of KPV’s NF-κB/mast-cell layer.
Side effects
KPV has the cleanest safety profile of the cluster. No melanocortin receptor activation means no pigmentation, no flushing, no nausea, no sexual stimulation. No documented organ toxicity, behavioral changes, or mortality in animal toxicology even at supratherapeutic doses. Theoretical cautions: chronic NF-κB suppression could in principle dampen normal immune function, and interactions with biologics or immunosuppressants are unstudied. No human safety data either way.
Regulatory status
Not FDA-approved. Sold as a research chemical. Not on a major sport-doping prohibited list as of mid-2026.
Peptide 3: VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide)
What it is
VIP is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide your body makes throughout the central and peripheral nervous system, GI tract, and immune system. It belongs to the secretin/glucagon family. Exogenous intranasal VIP is the centerpiece of Dr. Ritchie Shoemaker’s CIRS (Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) protocol for mold-illness patients — and its standout finding is that it measurably restores grey-matter volume on MRI in patients who completed the prerequisite cleanup steps.
How it works
Four pathways at once:
- Vasodilation — the original “V”: VIP was first characterized for its blood-vessel-relaxing effect.
- Immunomodulation — shifts T-helper response, suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1, MMP-9, C4a).
- Neuroprotection — trophic support for CNS neurons; the basis for the grey-matter restoration finding.
- Circadian regulation — VIP-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus coordinate the master circadian clock.
What the research shows
Shoemaker 2017: the cornerstone paper:
- “Intranasal VIP safely restores volume to multiple grey matter nuclei in patients with CIRS.”
- Observational/retrospective patient series.
- Dose: 50 mcg per metered intranasal spray, 4 doses/day standard, extended to >6 doses/day for grey-matter restoration phases.
- Treatment window: 30 days initial; >12 weeks for grey-matter atrophy reversal.
- Imaging: sequential NeuroQuant MRI volumetric measurement showing multinuclear grey-matter restoration.
- Biomarker shifts: MMP-9, TGF-β1, C4a all dropped; low VEGF normalized; acquired von Willebrand-pattern clotting abnormalities corrected; ACTH/cortisol and ADH/osmolality axes normalized.
- Safety: “no significant adverse effects reported by any patients” + documented durability of benefit.
Practitioner-network reporting:
-
300 prescribing physicians in the Shoemaker network and >90% patient-response rates at the time the 2017 paper was published.
- Earlier (2008–2013) Shoemaker-affiliated work demonstrated VIP safety and biomarker normalization in CIRS.
The Shoemaker protocol sequencing — the part you can’t skip
VIP is the last step in the Shoemaker CIRS protocol, not the first. Starting VIP before the inflammatory triggers are cleaned up can make patients worse. The prerequisite steps:
- Mold avoidance / remediation (or relocation).
- Toxin binders (cholestyramine / Welchol).
- MARCoNS (multi-antibiotic-resistant coag-negative Staph) eradication from the nasal vault.
- Anti-gliadin antibody normalization.
- Androgen / ADH / VEGF / MMP-9 / C3a / C4a normalization to the extent possible without VIP.
Only after those is VIP added as the “rebuild” step that restores neuroendocrine and immune function. This sequencing is non-negotiable — every responsible VIP write-up needs to make it clear.
Real-world protocol
The doses and schedules here are for educational and informational purposes only. These peptides are sold for research use only and are not FDA-approved drugs. This is not medical advice. Consult a qualified physician before beginning any protocol.
- Route (validated): intranasal — direct CNS access via the olfactory pathway. This is the only route with documented imaging outcomes.
- Standard dose: 50 mcg/spray, 4×/day (200 mcg/day total).
- Extended dose for grey-matter phase: >6 doses/day = 300+ mcg/day.
- SubQ and IV exist but are off the validated Shoemaker rail with less supporting data.
- Duration: 30 days initial; 12+ weeks for full neuroimaging response.
- Storage: refrigerated, light-protected; use within compounding-pharmacy label window.
Side effects
- Mild nasal irritation from the spray vehicle is the most common.
- No hepatotoxicity or cardiovascular signals reported.
- The biggest practical risk is starting too early — beginning VIP before completing the prerequisite cleanup steps can worsen inflammatory symptoms.
Regulatory status
Not FDA-approved. Available as a compounded prescription via 503A compounding pharmacies in the U.S. Not on a major sport-doping prohibited list as of mid-2026.
Where experts disagree
- LL-37 in chronic Lyme: the chronic-Lyme practitioner community treats LL-37’s biofilm-disruption mechanism as a strong reason to use it; mainstream infectious-disease medicine treats the absence of human Borrelia trials as a reason not to. Both are looking at the same in-vitro Borrelia data; the disagreement is about how far to extrapolate. The honest read: mechanism is real, in-vitro effect is documented, human translation hasn’t been formally tested.
- KPV oral viability: the conservative read is “we don’t have human PK data, so the oral protocols are extrapolated.” The mechanism-forward read is “PepT1 transport of KPV is documented at the tissue level in Dalmasso 2008; oral KPV reaches gut tissue intact, which is exactly where the IBD use case wants it.” Both can be true at once.
- VIP sequencing: Shoemaker-trained practitioners insist on the cleanup-first sequence; some users skip steps. The data favors the sequence — VIP added too early appears to destabilize patients rather than help them.
Side-by-side cross-table
| Property | LL-37 | KPV | VIP |
|---|---|---|---|
| Length | 37 aa | 3 aa | 28 aa |
| Origin | Cathelicidin (host-defense AMP from hCAP18) | α-MSH C-terminal | Secretin family neuropeptide |
| Primary mechanism | Membrane disruption + biofilm + immune modulation | NF-κB inhibition + mast-cell stabilization | Neuroimmune restoration + grey-matter rebuild |
| Primary indication | Chronic biofilm-driven infection, wound healing | IBD, atopic skin, NF-κB-driven inflammation | CIRS / mold illness (post-cleanup) |
| Best route | SubQ | Oral viable (PepT1) + SubQ + topical | Intranasal |
| Standout property | Borrelia cystic-form synergy with tinidazole | Anti-inflammation without melanocortin side effects | Grey-matter restoration on MRI |
| Hard contraindication | Active autoimmune (autoantigen risk) | Theoretical chronic-immunosuppression risk | Active mold exposure / pre-cleanup CIRS |
| Human trial status | Zero RCTs | Zero RCTs | Observational + Shoemaker network |
| Alyve product | Not in current launch catalog — roadmap | In KLOW blend | Not in current launch catalog — roadmap |
The Alyve product (commercial layer)
KPV: buy via KLOW. Alyve’s KLOW (BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV + GHK-Cu) is the practical access point for KPV in the current catalog. KPV’s contribution to the blend is the NF-κB + mast-cell + light-antimicrobial layer on top of the BPC/TB-500 repair axis and the GHK-Cu collagen/skin axis. KLOW carries the cleanest COA in the Alyve catalog (99.91%, Freedom Diagnostics). For inflammatory + microbial + healing scenarios — chronic wound, post-procedure recovery with inflammation, gut-skin inflammation — KLOW is the indicated blend over plain GLOW specifically because of the KPV layer.
LL-37: not in Alyve’s current launch catalog — flagged as a roadmap candidate. The chronic-infection, biofilm-driven-disease customer cluster is real, and Alyve’s verified-supply model is exactly the right answer to “is this peptide actually what’s on the label?” — but LL-37 isn’t a current SKU. As Alyve’s catalog expands, LL-37 is on the short list.
VIP: not in Alyve’s current launch catalog — flagged as a roadmap candidate. The CIRS / mold-illness audience has a specific need (intranasal compounded VIP, prescribed under the Shoemaker sequence), and a verified-supply path is welcome there too. Not a current SKU.
The trust story that applies to all three. Independent gray-market peptide testing has consistently found roughly 1 in 4 vials underdosed, mislabeled, or contaminated (often with leftover TFA salt from synthesis), and most carry no COA at all. Alyve answers that with US manufacturing + third-party Freedom Diagnostics COAs + verified >99% purity across every SKU. That’s the supply-chain quality story this whole cluster sits inside.
Use code OHM-15 for 15% off: Alyve’s pricing is very competitive, and buying 3 vials of any given peptide in one purchase gets you over 30% off retail. For this cluster, the practical bulk-stack play is 3 vials of KLOW for a full multi-week anti-inflammatory + repair cycle.
Sources
- the source digest behind this entire article.
- one practitioner’s KPV-as-KLOW-component context.
- cluster-level grading baseline.
- KLOW SKU + COA (KPV’s commercial access path).
- Primary literature anchors: Dalmasso 2008 Gastroenterology (KPV/PepT1/colitis); Shoemaker 2017 (intranasal VIP/grey matter); Lusitani 2002 (LL-37/Borrelia); Kahlenberg & Kaplan 2013 (LL-37 autoantigen); PMC3699762 (LL-37 polymicrobial wounds review).
Related: KLOW · GLOW · BPC-157 · TB-500 · GHK-Cu · Wolverine (BPC-157 + TB-500).
Sources & references
- the source digest behind this entire article.
- one practitioner’s KPV-as-KLOW-component context.
- cluster-level grading baseline.
- KLOW SKU + COA (KPV’s commercial access path).
- Primary literature anchors: Dalmasso 2008 Gastroenterology (KPV/PepT1/colitis); Shoemaker 2017 (intranasal VIP/grey matter); Lusitani 2002 (LL-37/Borrelia); Kahlenberg & Kaplan 2013 (LL-37 autoantigen); PMC3699762 (LL-37 polymicrobial wounds review).
Related: KLOW · GLOW · BPC-157 · TB-500 · GHK-Cu · Wolverine (BPC-157 + TB-500).